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Programmable logic controllers based systems (PLC-BS): vulnerabilities and threats
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Springer Link
Dergi:
SN Applied Sciences
Yazar(lar) :
Abraham Serhane , Mohamad Raad , Raad Raad , Willy Susilo
Yıl :
2019
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
This paper provides a review of the state-of-the-art of major Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based devices along with their security concerns. It discusses, mainly, the threats and vulnerabilities of PLCs and associated field devices—including local industrial networks. As PLC-BS are becoming more integrated and interconnected with other complex systems and open source solutions, they are becoming more vulnerable to critical threats and exploitations. Little attention and progress have been made in securing such devices if compared to that of securing overall Industrial Control Systems. This review shows the fact that major PLC based devices have several vulnerabilities and are insecure by design—firmware, code, or hardware. This paper suggests policies, recommendations, and countermeasures to secure PLC-BS. Securing PLC-BS is vital and crucial since a compromised PLC-BS would lead to significant financial loss and safety risks that could endanger human lives or the environment.
DOI : 10.1007/s42452-019-0860-2
Anahtar Kelimeler : PLC security, ICS security, Industrial network security, Cyberattack, Forensics, Next Generation PLCs
ISSN: 2523-3963 2523-3971
Sayı: 8
Cilt: 1
2
Applied methods to detect and prevent vulnerabilities within PLC alarms code
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Springer Link
Dergi:
SN Applied Sciences
Yayıncı:
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Yazar(lar) :
Abraham Serhane , Raad Raad , Willy Susilo , Mohamad Raad
Konu :
General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, General Engineering, General Environmental Science, General Materials Science, General Chemical Engineering
Yıl :
2022
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
Adversaries may target alerting alarms raised by PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) to prevent notifying operators of critical conditions, to hide faults, to disrupt operations, to cause damages to ICS (Industrial Control Systems) and surrounding environment, or to lead to financial loss. The paper focuses on exposing vulnerabilities of the ladder logic code that handles the alerting alarm messages and how to mitigate them. A real-time test bed of a PLC alarms code was developed and used to conduct several stealthy attack techniques to suppress or hinder alarms by exploiting code vulnerabilities. A novel ladder logic solution that consists of countermeasures against the introduced attacks was proposed, demonstrated, and tested. The countermeasure techniques, such as scan time and heartbeat techniques, were able to detect and prevent the code vulnerabilities and other abnormalities. The provided countermeasure techniques in this experiment could be applied to any PLC to enhance the validity and security of its PLC alarms code. Four stealthy attack models were introduced to exploit PLC alarms code. They were embedded to skip, delete, fake out, or delay alerting alarms. Real-time countermeasure solutions with different techniques were introduced: scan time code, heartbeat code, and physical plausibility check. They effectively detected and prevented the introduced attack models. PLC alarms Code general abnormalities was validated and detected using scan time techniques. A list of general best code practices for PLC alarms code was introduced to mitigate code vulnerabilities.
DOI : 10.1007/s42452-022-05019-7
Anahtar Kelimeler : Suppressed PLC alarms, Detection of alarms code threats and abnormalities, Scan time, PLC Cycle, Cyber security, Ladder logic code vulnerabilities, Alerting messages, Faults detection, ICS diagnostics, Maintenance responses and errors, (ICS), Human machine interface (HMI), Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
ISSN: 2523-3963 2523-3971
Sayı: 4
Cilt: 4
3
The use of coronary sinus reducer for refractory angina in the U.S.: A case series
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Science Direct
Dergi:
Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine
Yayıncı:
Elsevier BV
Yazar(lar) :
Ryan Gindi , Sarah Gorgis , Mohamad Raad , William O'Neill , Gerald Koenig
Yıl :
2022
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
Chronic refractory angina remains a common and debilitating condition for millions of people, with up to 30% of patients experiencing persistent angina despite successful revascularization. We share our experience with the implantation of a coronary sinus reducer in two complex CAD patients with refractory angina despite multiple revascularization strategies and maximally tolerated medical therapy.
DOI : 10.1016/j.carrev.2022.01.003
ISSN: 1553-8389
4
Analysis of the tradeoff between compression ratio and security level in real-time voice communication
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Abdallah Attie , Ahmad Fadlallah , Mohamad Raad
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Computing and Processing, General Topics for Engineers, Robotics and Control Systems, Signal Processing and Analysis
Yıl :
2015
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
This paper presents an analysis of the tradeoff between security level and compression ratio in real-time voice communication. It is hypothesized that the combination of variable bitrate compression and same length encryption will induce vulnerability to traffic analysis. The variation of packet sizes can leak information about the conversation starting with language identification, identifying certain phrases, and reconstructing phonemes. The proposed solution to this problem is to rely on constant bitrate compression or to pad the sent frames to a multiple of 16, 32, or 64 bytes.
DOI : 10.1109/arcse.2015.7338137
Anahtar Kelimeler : Speech, Ciphers, Encryption, Bit rate, Speech coding, real-time systems, speech coding, voice communication, compression ratio, tradeoff analysis, security level, real-time voice communication, variable bitrate compression, encryption, traffic analysis, language identification, reconstructing phonemes, certain phrases, constant bitrate compression, speech coding
5
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure Admitted with Covid-19 in a Cohort Study from Southeast Michigan
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Science Direct
Dergi:
Journal of Cardiac Failure
Yayıncı:
Elsevier
Yazar(lar) :
Mohamad Raad , Sarah Gorgis , Mohammed Dabbagh , Sachin Parikh , Jennifer Cowger
Yıl :
2020
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
Introduction Cardiovascular comorbidities confer worse outcomes for patients with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the impact of heart failure (HF) with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction has not been well characterized. The aim herein is to examine outcomes in COVID-19 patients with and without HF. Methods Patients (n = 437) consecutively admitted with COVID-19 were categorized according to the presence vs. absence of HF and subcategorized according to HFpEF and HFrEF (EF <50%). The primary outcome was inpatient mortality with independent correlates were identified with logistic regression. Secondary outcomes included acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and need for mechanical ventilation. Results The median cohort patient age was 68 (56-76) years, 43% (n = 189) were female, and 41% (n = 179) were Caucasian. HF was present in 29.7% (n = 130) of patients of which 43.8% (n = 57) had HFrEF and 56.2% (N = 73) had HFpEF. Patients with HF were more likely to be of older age and have more comorbidities. Overall inpatient mortality in the cohort was 12.3%. Compared to patients without HF (7.6%), patients with HFpEF (39.1%) and HFrEF (23.5%) had higher inpatient mortality (p<0.05) and were more likely to develop AKI, require mechanical ventilation, and have worse ARDS (figure 1). ACE/ARB and/or hydroxychloroquine were not associated with mortality (p >0.05) and there were no differences in inflammatory markers (ferritin, D-dimer, CRP, LDH). Independent predictors of inpatient mortality included: HFpEF (adjOR 2.55 (1.37-4.76)), age > 65 years (adjOR 3.00 (1.66-5.43), African American race (adjOR 1.82 (1.00-3.30)), Other race (adjOR 2.34 (1.02-5.37), p = 0.043), cerebrovascular disease (adjOR 3.07 (1.54-6.10), p = 0.001), and chronic hypoxic respiratory failure [adjOR 3.02 (1.19-7.62], p = 0.019)], whereas HFrEF was not (adjOR 1.58 (0.77-3.23). Discussion HF is prevalent in patients admitted with COVID-19. Patients with HFpEF had 2.6-fold higher mortality than those without HF and greater burdens of inpatient complications. Patients with HFpEF with COVID19 may warrant closer outpatient monitoring and a lower threshold for admission.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.09.215
ISSN: 1071-9164
Sayı: 10
Cilt: 26
Sayfa: S74
Sınıflandırma :
6
Crowd flow analysis using catastrophe theory
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Saif Al-Sulami , Raad Raad , Mohamad Raad
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Computing and Processing
Yıl :
2015
Mohamad Raad
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This paper presents an examination of the applicability of catastrophe theory to crowd flow modeling. The approach taken is based on video MV analysis. The collected results indicate that catastrophe theory could be applicable to the development of a crowd flow model but further validation, using a non-video based approach, is required.
DOI : 10.1109/dictap.2015.7113195
Anahtar Kelimeler : Decision support systems, Buildings, Image processing, Security, Roads, Monitoring, Acoustics, catastrophe theory, video signal processing, crowd flow analysis, catastrophe theory, video MV analysis, nonvideo based approach, catastrophe theory, crowd flow, motion vector analysis
Sınıflandırma :
7
Sex-specific cardiovascular responses to control or high fat diet feeding in C57bl/6 mice chronically exposed to bisphenol A.
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Open Access
Kaynak :
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Dergi:
Toxicology Reports
Yazar(lar) :
Bhavini B. Patel , Mohamad Raad , Igal A. Sebag , Lorraine E. Chalifour
Yıl :
2015
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
The increased pericardial fat which often accompanies overall obesity is thought to alter cardiac structure/function and increase the risk for atrial fibrillation. We hypothesized that chronic exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) would induce pericardial fat, cardiac hypertrophy or arrhythmia. C57bl/6n dams were exposed to BPA (25 ng/ml drinking water) beginning on gestation day 11 and progeny continued on 2.5 ng BPA/ml drinking water. The progeny of control dams (VEH) and dams treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES, 1 μg/kg/day, gestation days 11–14) had tap water. After weaning progeny were fed either a control (CD) or high fat diet (HFD) for 3 months. Pericardial fat was present in CD-BPA and CD-DES and not CD-VEH mice, and was increased in all HFD mice. Catecholamine challenge revealed no differences in males, but BPA-exposed females had longer P-wave and QRS complex duration. Only CD-BPA and CD-DES females developed cardiac hypertrophy which was independent of increased blood pressure. Calcium homeostasis protein expression changes in HFD-BPA and HFD-DES mice predict reduced SERCA2 activity in males and increased SERCA2 activity in females. Thus, chronic BPA exposure induced pericardial fat in the absence of HFD, and female-specific changes in cardiac hypertrophy development and cardiac electrical conduction after a catecholamine challenge.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.09.008
Anahtar Kelimeler : Bisphenol A, Diethylstilbestrol, High fat diet, Electrocardiograph, Echocardiograph, Calcium homeostasis
ISSN: 2214-7500
Cilt: 2
Sayı: C
Sayfa: 1310 - 1318
Sınıflandırma :
8
Quantitative study of thresholding for device-to-device communication in 5G networks
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Jana Fayek , Mohamad Aoude , Mohamad Raad , Raad Raad
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Computing and Processing, Engineered Materials, Dielectrics and Plasmas, Engineering Profession, Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics, General Topics for Engineers, Power, Energy and Industry Applications, Robotics and Control Systems, Signal Processing and Analysis, Transportation
Yıl :
2017
Mohamad Raad
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Device-to-device (D2D) communication was introduced as one of the technologies expected to tackle the increasing demand for high data rates and the growing usage of smartphones with its consequent traffic volumes. Interference is the main problem from which D2D suffers, for which several schedulers were developed. Most of the current scheduling techniques show a significant level of complexity. One way to reduce interference for D2D is to exclude some devices in a cell from D2D communication. In this paper we propose the use of a simple noise thresholding regardless of the scheduler. A device can take part in a D2D connection only if after their transmission, the value of interference in the cell remains below a specific threshold. This paper presents a comparison between the throughput of D2D devices for the case when devices are excluded based on the noise level in a cell compared to the case where no exclusion is made. In a previous work it was found that the probability distribution of device locations significantly impacted throughput. The results from two different probability distributions are presented in this paper. This study shows that when an exclusive approach is taken, the throughput per D2D device can be probabilistically guaranteed.
DOI : 10.1109/tssa.2017.8272926
Anahtar Kelimeler : Device-to-device communication, Interference, Throughput, Signal to noise ratio, Gaussian distribution, Bars, Probability distribution, 5G mobile communication, cellular radio, interference suppression, smart phones, statistical distributions, telecommunication scheduling, telecommunication traffic, quantitative study, device-to-device communication, high data rates, consequent traffic volumes, scheduler, current scheduling techniques, simple noise thresholding, noise level, device locations, D2D communication, 5G networks, smartphones, interference reduction, probability distributions
9
PLC Code-Level Vulnerabilities
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Abraham Serhane , Mohamad Raad , Raad Raad , Willy Susilo
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Engineering Profession, Signal Processing and Analysis, Transportation
Yıl :
2018
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
Code vulnerabilities in the ladder logic of PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) have not been sufficiently addressed in the literature. Most of the research related to PLC threats or attacks focuses on the hardware portion of ICS (Industrial Control Systems) or SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems such as: industrial components, peripheral devices, or networks. It does not adequately discuss PLC code-level vulnerabilities and attacks. This paper provides an overview of some critical vulnerabilities within the PLC ladder logic code or program and recommends corresponding steps or methods to keep PLCs safer and more secure. The paper focuses on ladder logic code vulnerabilities and weak points that might be exploited by malicious attacks. Those weak points could be a result of intentional malicious pieces of code embedded within the ladder logic code or inadvertent ones such as bad code practices or human errors.
DOI : 10.1109/comapp.2018.8460287
Anahtar Kelimeler : Malware, Real-time systems, Standards, Encoding, Coils, Integrated circuits, control engineering computing, data acquisition, programmable controllers, security of data, PLC code-level vulnerabilities, PLC ladder logic code, ladder logic code vulnerabilities, programmable logic controllers, industrial control systems, DoS, Denial of Service, HMI: Human Machine Interface, ICS: Industrial Control Systems, JSR: Jump to Subroutine instruction PLC: programmable Logic Controller, OTE: Output Energize instruction, SBR: Subroutine instruction, SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
10
Wireless robo-Pi landmine detection
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Majd Ghareeb , Ali Bazzi , Mohamad Raad , Samih Abdulnabi
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Computing and Processing
Yıl :
2017
Mohamad Raad
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The tremendous recent involvement of technology in our life generates a lot of advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, and in order to highly augment its positive influence, at the expense of the negatives, technology most be deployed to serve humanity and society. In this article, we highlight the importance of involving robotics, communication and data analysis in the domain of land mine detection. The main idea is to design and implement a prototype of an efficient low cost automated mine detector that will replace the current employed human detectors in the mission of detecting and extracting mines in a suspected area of land. This detector will wirelessly communicate with a server to transmit the detected information such as the location of the metal object and captured images of the land where does it exist. The proposed system will help in significantly reducing the risk poses to the human detectors lives while they are in a field of mines. Besides, automation will guarantee an easier and faster scanning process that will open the door to more developed possibilities such as automatically investigating the received big sizes of data for recognizing mines from other left behind normal objects.
DOI : 10.1109/ldcl.2017.7976932
Anahtar Kelimeler : landmine detection, metal detectors, robots, wireless sensor networks, wireless Robo-Pi, landmine detection, robotics, data analysis, metal detector, Land mine detection, Metal detector, Raspberry Pi, Pi-GPS, PI-Camera.
11
The Effect of Chronic Methamphetamine Exposure on the Hippocampal and Olfactory Bulb Neuroproteomes of Rats
Araştırma Makalesi

Araştırma Makalesi
Open Access
Kaynak 1:
PLOS - Public Library of Science
Kaynak 2:
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Dergi:
Public Library of Science
Yazar(lar) :
Yehia Mechref , Kevin K. Wang , Mark S. Gold , Amaly Nokkari , Mohamad Raad , Tarek H. Mouhieddine , Firas Kobeissy , Tianjiao Yang , Rui Zhu
Yıl :
2016
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
Nowadays, drug abuse and addiction are serious public health problems in the USA. Methamphetamine (METH) is one of the most abused drugs and is known to cause brain damage after repeated exposure. In this paper, we conducted a neuroproteomic study to evaluate METH-induced brain protein dynamics, following a two-week chronic regimen of an escalating dose of METH exposure. Proteins were extracted from rat brain hippocampal and olfactory bulb tissues and subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Both shotgun and targeted proteomic analysis were performed. Protein quantification was initially based on comparing the spectral counts between METH exposed animals and their control counterparts. Quantitative differences were further confirmed through multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) LC-MS/MS experiments. According to the quantitative results, the expression of 18 proteins (11 in the hippocampus and 7 in the olfactory bulb) underwent a significant alteration as a result of exposing rats to METH. 13 of these proteins were up-regulated after METH exposure while 5 were down-regulated. The altered proteins belonging to different structural and functional families were involved in processes such as cell death, inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0151034
Anahtar Kelimeler : Olfactory bulb, Proteomes, Apoptosis, Hippocampus, Protein extraction, Neuronal death, Principal component analysis, Dopaminergics
Sınıflandırma :
12
Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer hybrid architecture for adaptive video streaming
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Majd Ghareeb , Radwan El-Rody , Abdelaziz Cheaib , Mohamad Raad
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Signal Processing and Analysis
Yıl :
2015
Mohamad Raad
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Adaptive video streaming over HTTP (DASH) is a recent technology adopted as the choice for delivering videos to smart phones, TV's, portable data units. Therefore, many services providers tend to adopt it as the basis for their services. In this paper, we focus on the problem of the typical behaviour of DASH, which runs over Client/Server network architecture causing limitations in its performance in regards to the growing recent streaming technologies. Our main objective is to extend DASH implementation towards hybrid architecture between C/S and P2P communication models to guarantee the availability of the video service even in case of server saturation. In a virtualization environment, we tested our approach and the preliminary results that we obtained confirm the efficiency of the proposed idea for streaming videos in term of delay and video quality.
DOI : 10.1109/iccspa.2015.7081293
Anahtar Kelimeler : Streaming media, Servers, Delays, Computer architecture, Internet, Protocols, Peer-to-peer computing, client-server systems, peer-to-peer computing, transport protocols, video streaming, virtualisation, client/server architecture, peer-to-peer hybrid architecture, adaptive video streaming, HTTP, DASH, video delivery, smart phones, TV, portable data units, C/S model, P2P communication model, video service, server saturation, virtualization environment, delay, video quality, Video Streaming, Client/Server, P2P, Hybrid architectures, P2PWeb, DASH
13
A wideband C-shaped patch antenna for LibyaSat-1
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Faisel Em Tubbal , Raad Raad , Mohamad Raad , Suhila Abulgasem
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Computing and Processing, Engineered Materials, Dielectrics and Plasmas, Engineering Profession, Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics, General Topics for Engineers, Power, Energy and Industry Applications, Robotics and Control Systems, Signal Processing and Analysis, Transportation
Yıl :
2017
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
This paper presents a wideband C-shaped patch antenna for LibyaSat-1. The two parallel slots of the upper C-shaped path are incorporated to generate a second resonant frequency and hence broaden bandwidth. The folded patch technique is used to reduce the coaxial probe length and inductance at the feed section. In addition, the Quasi Newton method is used to achieve an operating frequency of 2.215 GHz (S-band). Our simulation results show that the antenna achieves a -10-dB impedance bandwidth of 1550 MHz (2.00-3.55 GHz), and has a total gain of 6.45 dB at 2.215GHz.
DOI : 10.1109/tssa.2017.8272891
Anahtar Kelimeler : Satellites, Resonant frequency, Patch antennas, Remote sensing, Gain, Transmitting antennas, antenna feeds, antenna radiation patterns, broadband antennas, microstrip antennas, Newton method, satellite antennas, UHF antennas, parallel slots, upper C-shaped path, resonant frequency, folded patch technique, coaxial probe length, inductance, wideband C-shaped patch antenna, LibyaSat-1, second resonant frequency, Quasi Newton method, frequency 2.0 GHz to 3.55 GHz, frequency 1550.0 MHz, gain 6.45 dB, mini-satellite, LibyaSat-1, remote sensing, space science, gain, bandwidth
14
Predicting Mortality in African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, Coronary Artery Calcium, and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein.
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Open Access
Kaynak :
PubMed
Dergi:
J Am Heart Assoc
Yazar(lar) :
Salim S Hayek , Jasmin Divers , Mohamad Raad , Jianzhao Xu , Donald W Bowden , Melissa Tracy , Jochen Reiser , Barry I Freedman
Yıl :
2018
Mohamad Raad
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 Piri Tam Metin Bulucu
Kaydet Alıntıla
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, outcomes in individual patients vary. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a bone marrow-derived signaling molecule associated with adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes in many populations. We characterized the determinants of suPAR in African Americans with type 2 diabetes mellitus and assessed whether levels were useful for predicting mortality beyond clinical characteristics, coronary artery calcium (CAC), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).
DOI : 10.1161/JAHA.117.008194
Anahtar Kelimeler : biomarker, calcium score, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, urokinase
Sınıflandırma :
15
A probabilistic model for on-line estimation of the GNSS carrier-to-noise ratio
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Science Direct
Dergi:
Signal Processing
Yayıncı:
Elsevier BV
Yazar(lar) :
Hamza Issa , Georges Stienne , Serge Reboul , Maximilian Semmling , Mohamad Raad , Ghaleb Faour , Jens Wickert
Yıl :
2021
Mohamad Raad
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Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
This article is dedicated to the estimation of the GNSS signal carrier-to-noise ratio using the in-phase component of the signals as observations. In a GNSS receiver, it is the statistic of the correlation provided by the code tracking loop that is used to estimate the carrier-to-noise ratio. In fact, carrier-to-noise estimation is used to monitor the performance of GNSS receivers and the quality of the received signals. In this article, we aim at high rate carrier-to-noise estimation, namely the code repetition rate (e.g. 1ms for GPS C/A), in order to maximize the time resolution of carrier-to-noise observations. We show that in a 1-bit quantization receiver, the in-phase component of the signal can provide a direct observation of the signal amplitude, and therefore of the carrier-to-noise ratio. However, the model that links the 1ms rate observations of the in-phase component with the signal amplitude is non-linear. The non-linear expression that links the maximum value of the in-phase correlation component to the signal amplitude is derived. In order to estimate the time varying amplitudes of the signals, we propose an Extended Kalman Filter to reverse the non-linear expression with the noisy observations of correlation provided by the tracking loop. The proposed model and filter inversion method are assessed on synthetic and real data, while investigating the effect of the cross-correlation contribution of the visible satellites on the estimations. We show using real data that, for a 1-bit quantization receiver, the proposed estimator can achieve the same accuracy as a widely known commercial GNSS receiver with a much higher data rate. We also show that the proposed approach can cope with abrupt changes in the observations compared to a classical C/N0 estimate.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sigpro.2021.107992
Anahtar Kelimeler : GNSS, Amplitude estimation, Non-linear filtering, C/N0 estimation
ISSN: 0165-1684
Cilt: 183
Sayfa: 107992
16
P2PWeb: A Client/Server and P2P hybrid architecture for content delivery over internet
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Majd Ghareeb , Soufiane Rouibia , Benoit Parrein , Mohamad Raad , Cedric Thareau
Konu :
Computing and Processing, Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems
Yıl :
2013
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
In the domain of content delivery over Internet, each of the Client/Server and P2P communication modes has its pros and cons. In this scope, hybrid network architectures have been recently proposed as a relevant solution. In this paper we propose a new hybrid architecture that is called P2PWeb, between the centralized client/server and the non-centralized P2P architectures for content delivery. The main objective of this proposal is to reduce the load over the server in order to provide a better Quality of Service (QoS) for the end-users. A new P2PWeb communication protocol has been implemented and deployed to reach the objective. The experimentation results and the performance evaluations that we have made show the efficiency of the proposed system in terms of QoS evaluations.
DOI : 10.1109/iccitechnology.2013.6579542
Anahtar Kelimeler : Servers, Peer-to-peer computing, Internet, Computer architecture, Quality of service, Protocols, Streaming media, client-server systems, Internet, peer-to-peer computing, protocols, quality of service, QoS evaluations, P2PWeb communication protocol, quality of service, noncentralized P2P architectures, centralized client-server, hybrid network architectures, client-server modes, P2P communication modes, Internet, content delivery, P2P hybrid architecture, Content delivery, Client/Server, P2P, BitTorrent, Hybrid architectures, P2PWeb
17
High-Rate GNSS Reflectometry for Water Body Detection Using Low Altitude Airborne Carrier
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Hamza Issa , Georges Stienne , Serge Reboul , Mohamad Raad , Ghaleb Faour
Konu :
Geoscience
Yıl :
2021
Mohamad Raad
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Kaydet Alıntıla
This airborne experiment studies GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) techniques for the detection of water body surfaces using a low-altitude airborne carrier with high rate (20ms) reflectivity observations. In the context of this work, it is important to detect and fastly reach the area of interest for which the waterbody surfaces are to be scanned. A GNSS-R setup onboard a gyrocopter with reduced size and weight has been developed for this application. The reflected GNSS signals are segmented into stationary parts representing areas with different reflectivities for the detection of water body surfaces. A real flight experimentation has taken place in the North of France obtaining reflections from different surfaces and landforms. We show that our radar technique differentiates different water body surfaces along the flight trajectory with temporal and spatial resolution.
DOI : 10.1109/gnssr53802.2021.9617694
Anahtar Kelimeler : Reflectivity, Global navigation satellite system, Radar, Reflectometry, Reflection, Trajectory, Spatial resolution, airborne radar, reflectometry, remote sensing, satellite navigation, high-rate GNSS Reflectometry, water body detection, low altitude airborne carrier, airborne experiment studies GNSS-Reflectometry techniques, low-altitude airborne carrier, reflectivity observations, waterbody surfaces, GNSS-R setup, GNSS signals, different reflectivities, reflections, landforms, different water body surfaces, time 20.0 ms, GNSS-R, airborne reflectometry, water body detection
Etkinlik adı: 2021 IEEE Specialist Meeting on Reflectometry using GNSS and other Signals of Opportunity (GNSS+R)
Etkinlik yeri: Beijing, China
Etkinlik başlangıç tarihi: [2021,9,14]
Etkinlik bitiş tarihi: [2021,9,17]
18
Pl-to-PI: A solution towards secure peer to peer communication network
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Konferans Bildirileri
Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Majd Ghareeb , Marwa Rammal , Ali Nahle , Mohamad Raad , Ali Bazzi
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Computing and Processing, Engineered Materials, Dielectrics and Plasmas, Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics, Power, Energy and Industry Applications, Robotics and Control Systems, Signal Processing and Analysis, Transportation
Yıl :
2017
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
File sharing is a corner stone application of network computing. The most popular way to achieve an efficient file sharing through the Internet is to use Peer-to-Peer (P2P) protocols via applications such as BitTorrent. However, BitTorrent is an open file sharing service that allows files to be shared widely without the consent, or control, of the original publisher of the work. Such a fact is undesirable for a lot of organizations and institutions since it raises copyright and content ownership issues. In this paper we propose an efficient BitTorrent-like protocol that aims at privatizing the P2P network such that control over the distribution of copyrighted material can be achieved. This is done by limiting the user set to those authorized based on their machines MAC addresses and by using dedicated equipment, i.e. the Raspberry PI board.
DOI : 10.1109/senset.2017.8125050
Anahtar Kelimeler : Peer-to-peer computing, Servers, Protocols, Organizations, Authentication, Databases, copyright, Internet, peer-to-peer computing, security of data, secure peer, peer communication network, network computing, Peer-to-Peer, BitTorrent, open file sharing service, content ownership issues, copyrighted material, Raspberry PI board, PI-to-PI, P2P network, Secure file sharing, P2P, BitTorrent, Raspberry PI
Sınıflandırma :
Hukuk %100
İş Kanunu %98
19
University customized knowledge management system (KMS)
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Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Abdel Nasser El Bast , Waseem Kharfan , Bassam Hussein , Majd Ghareeb , Mohamad Raad
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Computing and Processing
Yıl :
2015
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
The fundamental difference between regular, ordinary information and knowledge is that the latter comprises actionable data; that is data with practical values which can be acted upon. For this reason, knowledge management has evolved throughout the years to become an integral aspect of modern corporations and organizations as it contributes to the growth and development of these enterprises. This paper proposes the implementation of a customized knowledge management system that will be deployed and integrated as part of an existing university management system that is currently in use at the Lebanese International University. This ultimate goal of such a system is to aid in the accomplishment of administrative and academic processes more effectively and efficiently.
DOI : 10.1109/dictap.2015.7113186
Anahtar Kelimeler : Project management, Decision support systems, Knowledge management, Knowledge based systems, Organizations, Peer-to-peer computing, educational administrative data processing, educational institutions, knowledge management, knowledge management system, KMS, enterprises, university management system, Lebanese International University, academic processes, administrative processes, knowledge management, process management, project management, task management, file sharing, link sharing, knowledge base, knowledge article, feedback discussions
Sınıflandırma :
20
A Virtual Reality Assisted Rehabilitation System for Physical Therapy
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Konferans Bildirileri
Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Samar Bayan , Kamilia Assaf , Marwa Yassin , Ali Cherry , Mohamad Raad , Lara Hamawy
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Engineering Profession, Signal Processing and Analysis, Transportation
Yıl :
2018
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
Virtual Assisted Rehabilitation System (VARS) provides rehabilitation for patients suffering from lower part injuries, such as muscular dystrophy, at the lowest cost possible. VARS is a combination of software (Processing, ElectricGuru and PLX software) and hardware (pressure sensors, electromyography, accelerometers, platform and virtual reality eyeglasses). The collected data, saved on host PC, is used by the physiotherapist for status estimation. The latter then identifies specific gaming profile (type of game and time needed for treatment) for the patient depending on his status. VARS had been tested on 22 candidates (12 abnormal and 10 normal). The result showed that gaming techniques in this system simulates the muscle activity over time by simulating the action-perception. Moreover, the foot pressure distribution (FPD) profiles vary obviously between normal and abnormal patients where specific disease is determined (e.g. Rheumatism).
DOI : 10.1109/comapp.2018.8460301
Anahtar Kelimeler : Foot, Muscles, Virtual reality, Reactive power, Electromyography, Injuries, Legged locomotion, biomechanics, computer games, diseases, handicapped aids, muscle, patient rehabilitation, patient treatment, pressure sensors, virtual reality, gaming profile, Physical Therapy, lower part injury patients, patient rehabilitation, FPD, disease determination, virtual reality eyeglasses, pressure sensors, lowest cost possible, muscular dystrophy, Virtual Assisted Rehabilitation System, virtual reality Assisted Rehabilitation System, abnormal patients, normal patients, foot pressure distribution profiles, gaming techniques, VARS, patient, Action-Perception, EMG, Foot Pressure Measurements, Tracking System, Recovery Time, Rehabilitation, Virtual Reality
21
Improving the performance of Transport Control Protocol over 802.11 wireless networks
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Konferans Bildirileri
Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Zouhair El-Bazzal , Michel Nahas , Mohamad Raad , Majd Ghareeb , Amin Haj-Ali
Konu :
Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Computing and Processing, Power, Energy and Industry Applications
Yıl :
2013
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
One of the main reasons for TCP's (Transport Control Protocol) degraded performance in 802.11 wireless networks is the TCP's interpretation that the packet loss is caused by network congestion. However, in wireless networks packet loss occurs mostly due to high bit error rate, packet corruption, and link failure. TCP performance in wired/wireless networks may be substantially improved if the causes of packet loss could be identified and appropriate rectifying measures could be taken dynamically during the lifetime of a TCP session. This paper proposes an end-to-end improvement approach to the current TCP protocol by extending the used RTO (Retransmission Time Out) in such a way it allows TCP an additional waiting time for wireless errors to get fixed. This approach is validated through numerical analysis and simulations, and then compared to the current implemented TCP protocol. The simulation results have demonstrated higher TCP performance in terms of traffic sent, and retransmission attempts. This is highly recommended for a wide range of applications in mixed wired and wireless scenarios.
DOI : 10.1109/icm.2013.6734999
Anahtar Kelimeler : Internet, Propagation losses, local area networks, protocols, transport control protocol, 802.11 Wireless Networks, packet loss, network congestion, end-to-end improvement approach, retransmission time out, numerical analysis, numerical simulations, traffic sent, retransmission attempts, Wireless Networks, 802.11, TCP, RTO
22
Inexpensive Virtual Assisted Rehabilitation System (VARS) for lower part injuries
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Konferans Bildirileri
Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Samar Bayan , Kamilia Assaf , Marwa Yassin , Ali Cherry , Mohamad Raad , Lara Hamawy
Konu :
Bioengineering, Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems, Engineering Profession, Robotics and Control Systems, Signal Processing and Analysis
Yıl :
2017
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
Rehabilitation is a process (treatment) aimed at enabling recovery from injuries. Consequently, the patients rebuild their independence and return back to their normal life. For this reason, various systems have been developed such as Rehabilitation Gaming System (RGS), Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN), etc. Most of these systems use the Virtual Reality (VR) which has a positive effect in minimizing recovery time. Unfortunately, such systems are not widely available in many countries especially third world country due to their high cost. In Lebanon, rehabilitation is limited to physiotherapy (exercises and activity). To overcome barriers of cost and availability in these countries, we propose a new system called Virtual Assisted Rehabilitation System (VARS). It provides rehabilitation for patients suffering from lower part injuries, such as muscular dystrophy and sports injuries, at lowest cost possible. VARS is made up of virtual reality eyeglasses for providing virtual environment, electromyogram (EMG) shield for analyzing muscles' activity in the lower part body, 2 degrees of freedom passive platform (2 rotational movements) at which the patient will stand, infrared tracking system and pressure sensors at the feet of patients to measure forces exerted on the ground. The collected data is sent to a host PC can be used for diagnosis by the physiotherapist. The latter then identifies specific gaming profile (type of game and time needed for treatment) for a patient depending on his status. VARS has been tested for different candidates and the result shows that gaming enhances EMG signal over time. The FSR profiles vary obviously between normal and abnormal patients and specific disease is determined (rheumatism).
DOI : 10.1109/icabme.2017.8167539
Anahtar Kelimeler : Reactive power, Muscles, Electromyography, Injuries, Games, Virtual reality, Foot, computer games, diseases, electromyography, force measurement, injuries, medical signal processing, object tracking, patient rehabilitation, patient treatment, pressure sensors, virtual reality, inexpensive Virtual Assisted Rehabilitation System, VARS, lower part injuries, muscular dystrophy, sports injuries, virtual reality eyeglasses, virtual environment, normal patients, abnormal patients, injury recovery, EMG signal, recovery time minimization, patient rehabilitation, electromyogram, muscles activity, 2 degrees of freedom passive platform, infrared tracking system, pressure sensors, force measurement, gaming profile, FSR profiles, Rehabilitation, Action-Perception, EMG, Foot Pressure Measurements, Infrared tracking system, Recovery Time, Rehabilitation, Virtual Reality
23
Usefulness of Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Science Direct
Dergi:
The American Journal of Cardiology
Yayıncı:
Elsevier
Yazar(lar) :
Aneesha Thobani , Devinder S. Dhindsa , Benjamin D. DeMoss , Mohamad Raad , Pratik B. Sandesara , Laurence S. Sperling , Jefferson T. Baer
Yıl :
2019
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
Aspirin use in the prevention of cardiovascular events has been a mainstay of treatment for decades. However, the use of aspirin in primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has recently come under scrutiny. Several recent studies have evaluated the use of aspirin in primary prevention and the results suggest that in many patients the risks may outweigh the benefits. Closer examination of these trials suggests that the use of aspirin therapy for primary prevention may have a role but likely needs a more tailored approach and that caution is needed in prescribing aspirin for primary prevention. In conclusion, in this article we review the evolving evidence for aspirin in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.08.040
ISSN: 0002-9149
Sayı: 11
Cilt: 124
Sayfa: 1785-1789
Sınıflandırma :
24
Audio indexing for YouTube
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Konferans Bildirileri
Kaynak :
IEEE Xplore
Yazar(lar) :
Mohamad Nour Al Laham , Imad Ayass , Majd Ghareeb , Zouhair El-Bazzal , Mohamad Raad
Konu :
Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies, Computing and Processing
Yıl :
2015
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
The internet is often compared to a sea of information, and searching on the internet is like throwing a net on the surface of the ocean, the search will only include results from the surface of the ocean leaving the depth untouched, naming it the deep web. The deep web includes, among other things, the un-indexed audio contents present today, where the search is based on descriptors accompanying the file rather than the file' contents. This paper introduces an efficient way for searching audio content. The focus is on using YouTube content.
DOI : 10.1109/dictap.2015.7113181
Anahtar Kelimeler : Decision support systems, Internet, Sea surface, YouTube, Indexing, Internet, social networking (online), audio indexing, Internet, ocean surface, unindexed audio contents, file content, YouTube content, Audio Indexing, Search Engine, Transcription, Deep Web
25
Neuroproteomics approach and neurosystems biology analysis: ROCK inhibitors as promising therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration and neurotrauma
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Wiley Online Library
Dergi:
ELECTROPHORESIS
Yazar(lar) :
Mohamad Raad , Tala El Tal , Rukhsana Gul , Stefania Mondello , Zhiqun Zhang , Rose-Mary Boustany , Joy Guingab , Kevin K. Wang , Firas Kobeissy
Yıl :
2012
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
DOI : 10.1002/elps.201200470
ISSN: 0173-0835
Sayı: 24
Cilt: 33
Sayfa: 3659-3668
26
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Patients with Orthotopic Heart Transplant: A Multicenter Case Series
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Wiley Online Library
Dergi:
Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology
Yazar(lar) :
Waddah Maskoun , Mohamad Raad , Yongu2010Mei Cha , Mahmoud Houmsse , Amjad Abualsuod , Fatima Ezzeddine , Justin Pieper , Khaled Jamoor , Cristina Tita , John Miller
Yıl :
2022
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
DOI : 10.1111/jce.15588
ISSN: 1045-3873
27
COVID-19: A Multidisciplinary Review
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Open Access
Kaynak :
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Dergi:
Frontiers in Public Health
Yazar(lar) :
Nour Chams , Sana Chams , Reina Badran , Ali Shams , Abdallah Araji , Mohamad Raad , Sanjay Mukhopadhyay , Edana Stroberg , Eric J. Duval , Lisa M. Barton , Inaya Hajj Hussein
Yıl :
2020
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
 Piri Tam Metin Bulucu
Kaydet Alıntıla
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that is responsible for the 2019–2020 pandemic. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current published literature surrounding the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We examine the fundamental concepts including the origin, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, laboratory, radiology, and histopathologic findings, complications, and treatment. Given that much of the information has been extrapolated from what we know about other coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), we identify and provide insight into controversies and research gaps for the current pandemic to assist with future research ideas. Finally, we discuss the global response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and provide thoughts regarding lessons for future pandemics.
DOI : 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00383
Anahtar Kelimeler : SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, coronavirus, respiratory infection, pandemic, global health
ISSN: 2296-2565
Cilt: 8
Sınıflandırma :
28
Cardiac Injury Patterns and Inpatient Outcomes Among Patients Admitted With COVID-19
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Science Direct
Dergi:
The American Journal of Cardiology
Yayıncı:
Elsevier
Yazar(lar) :
Mohamad Raad , Mohammed Dabbagh , Sarah Gorgis , Jerry Yan , Omar Chehab , Carina Dagher , Khaled Jamoor , Inaya Hajj Hussein , Bernard Cook , Meredith Van Harn , Gurjit Singh , James McCord , Sachin Parikh
Yıl :
2020
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
Although certain risk factors have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients admitted with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the impact of cardiac injury and high-sensitivity troponin-I (hs-cTnI) concentrations are not well described. In this large retrospective longitudinal cohort study, we analyzed the cases of 1,044 consecutively admitted patients with COVID-19 from March 9 until April 15. Cardiac injury was defined by hs-cTnI concentration >99th percentile. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, and outcomes were described in patients with cardiac injury and different hs-cTnI cut-offs. The primary outcome was mortality, and the secondary outcomes were length of stay, need for intensive care unit care or mechanical ventilation, and their different composites. The final analyzed cohort included 1,020 patients. The median age was 63 years, 511 (50% patients were female, and 403 (40% were white. 390 (38%) patients had cardiac injury on presentation. These patients were older (median age 70 years), had a higher cardiovascular disease burden, in addition to higher serum concentrations of inflammatory markers. They also exhibited an increased risk for our primary and secondary outcomes, with the risk increasing with higher hs-cTnI concentrations. Peak hs-cTnI concentrations continued to be significantly associated with mortality after a multivariate regression controlling for comorbid conditions, inflammatory markers, acute kidney injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Within the same multivariate regression model, presenting hs-cTnI concentrations were not significantly associated with outcomes, and undetectable hs-cTnI concentrations on presentation did not completely rule out the risk for mechanical ventilation or death. In conclusion, cardiac injury was common in patients admitted with COVID-19. The extent of cardiac injury and peak hs-cTnI concentrations were associated with worse outcomes.
DOI : 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.07.040
ISSN: 0002-9149
Cilt: 133
Sayfa: 154-161
Sınıflandırma :
29
COVID-19 risk index (CRI): a simple and validated emergency department risk score that predicts mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation
Dergi Makalesi

Dergi Makalesi
Kaynak :
Springer Link
Dergi:
Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
Yazar(lar) :
Mohamad Raad , Sarah Gorgis , Chelsea Abshire , Monica Yost , Mohammed F Dabbagh , Omar Chehab , Lindsey Aurora , Sati Patel , Paul Nona , Jerry Yan , Gurjit Singh , John Syrjamaki , Scott Kaatz , Sachin Parikh
Konu :
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Hematology
Yıl :
2021
Mohamad Raad
Yayıncı Web Sitesi
Tam Metin
Kaydet Alıntıla
Although certain risk factors have been associated with morbidity and mortality, validated emergency department (ED) derived risk prediction models specific to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are lacking. The objective of this study is to describe and externally validate the COVID-19 risk index (CRI). A large retrospective longitudinal cohort study was performed to analyze consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Multivariate regression using clinical data elements from the ED was used to create the CRI. The results were validated with an external cohort of 1799 patients from the MI-COVID19 database. The primary outcome was the composite of the need for mechanical ventilation or inpatient mortality, and the secondary outcome was inpatient mortality. A total of 1020 patients were included in the derivation cohort. A total of 236 (23%) patients in the derivation cohort required mechanical ventilation or died. Variables independently associated with the primary outcome were age ≥ 65 years, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, initial D-dimer > 1.1 µg/mL, platelet count < 150 K/µL, and severity of SpO2:FiO2 ratio. The derivation cohort had an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.83, and 0.74 in the external validation cohort Calibration shows close adherence between the observed and expected primary outcomes within the validation cohort. The CRI is a novel disease-specific tool that assesses the risk for mechanical ventilation or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Discrimination of the score may change given continuous updates in contemporary COVID-19 management and outcomes.
DOI : 10.1007/s11239-021-02565-6
Anahtar Kelimeler : COVID-19, Risk score, Outcomes, Risk factors, SARS-CoV-2
ISSN: 0929-5305 1573-742X

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